ComplexSnow

Dr Hauschka Natural Cosmetics

2006-10-25T10:40:00.000-07:00

Dr hauschka the Natural Cosmetics brand provide a huge range of Organic Cosmetics and Natural Cosmetics available online.

ibenik

2005-04-04T02:48:00.000-07:00

Italian Sebenico, port in Croatia. It lies along the estuary of the Krka River formed as the latter flows into the Adriatic Sea. Linked by a rail line to Zagreb, Šibenik is a coastal shipping station, with major exports of bauxite, timber, building stone, wines, and liqueurs. There is a shipyard, a ferrous-alloy plant, and an aluminum plant (at Lozovac). Electricity from Krka Falls powers an electrochemical

Xerox Parc

2005-04-02T00:03:00.000-08:00

Xerox had invented and dominated the paper copier market since 1948, but with the accession of C. Peter McColough as president in 1966 the company began to explore options for diversifying its business. In 1969 the director of research, Jack Goldman, produced a plan to establish an “Advanced Scientific & Systems Laboratory” to develop future technologies. The laboratory was not

Police, The

2005-04-01T00:49:00.000-08:00

British-American new-wave band that blended reggae, jazz, funk, punk, and world music influences into hook-laden pop-rock. Five best-selling albums, a bevy of hits, and aggressive touring—including stops in countries usually overlooked by Western pop musicians—combined to make the Police the world's most popular band in the early 1980s. The members were Sting (original name

Quinine

2005-03-30T02:41:00.000-08:00

Drug obtained from cinchona bark that is used chiefly in the treatment of malaria, an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of various species of mosquitoes. During the 300 years between its introduction into Western medicine and World War I, quinine was the only effective remedy for malaria. As a specific

Lancaster

2005-03-27T16:44:00.000-08:00

County, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a hilly piedmont region bounded by the Susquehanna River to the west, Conewago Creek to the northwest, and Octoraro Creek to the southeast. Impoundments of the Susquehanna River form Lakes Clarke and Aldred and Conowingo Reservoir. Susquehannock State Park is located near Muddy Run Reservoir. Other waterways

Wyoming

2005-03-26T06:34:00.000-08:00

When European

Creativity

2005-03-23T07:18:00.000-08:00

Psychological experiments in the fields of motivation and learning have disclosed the power of novelty as an inducement to action. There appears to be an essential and continuing tension in higher organisms

Cilacap

2005-03-21T19:30:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Chilachap or Tjilatjap port and kabupaten (regency), Jawa Tengah provinsi (“province”), Indonesia, on the southern coast of Java. Its harbour is formed by the long, narrow Kambangan Island, which affords protection from the monsoon seas and swells of the Indian Ocean. The harbour was used during the Battle of the Java Sea in 1942. Cilacap has road and rail connections to the rest of Java. Oil refining is

Tábor

2005-03-19T05:16:00.000-08:00

City, Jihoceský kraj (region), Czech Republic. It lies along a bend in the Luznice River 50 miles (80 km) south of Prague. Founded in 1420 by Jan Zizka and other followers of the Bohemian religious reformer Jan Hus, Tábor became the radical centre of the more militant members of the movement, known as the Taborites. These people fostered the national spirit and the preservation of the Czech

61 Cygni

2005-03-18T00:20:00.000-08:00

First star whose distance from Earth (about 11 light-years) was measured (by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1838). The star is a visual binary the components of which revolve around each other in a period of about 650 years. They are of fifth and sixth magnitudes. Regular variations in the motion of the brighter component may indicate the presence of an invisible companion with about

Alcohol Consumption

2005-03-17T18:23:00.000-08:00

Alcoholic beverages include wines, beers, and spirits. Wines are fermented

France, History Of, The end of Gaul (c. 400c. 500)

2005-03-17T11:11:00.000-08:00

From 395 the division of the Roman Empire between an eastern and a western half caused acute internal political stresses that encouraged barbarian penetration of the Danube region and even Italy. The Rhine frontier was again neglected, and the seat of the Gallic prefecture was moved to Arelate. The result was Germanic invasion and civil war. By 418, Franks and Burgundians

Egypt, Hydroelectric and other power resources

2005-03-16T02:22:00.000-08:00

The Nile constitutes an incomparable source of energy; further sources are represented by coal, oil, and gas deposits. Almost half of Egypt's electrical energy comes from thermal stations; hydroelectric plants, including those at the Aswan High Dam, supply the remainder.

Ear, Human, Descending pathways

2005-03-15T22:08:00.000-08:00

Parallel with the pathway ascending from the cochlear nuclei to the cortex is a pathway descending from the cortex to the cochlear nuclei. In both pathways some of the fibres remain on the same side, while others cross the midline to the opposite side of the brain. There is also evidence of a “spur” line ascending from the dorsal cochlear nucleus to the cerebellum and

Floquet, Charles (-thomas)

2005-03-13T19:54:00.000-08:00

Floquet strongly opposed the Second Empire and rapidly made a name for himself as a republican lawyer and journalist. In 1870–71 he participated in the formation of the new republic and

Performing Arts, North America.

2005-03-12T17:23:00.000-08:00

Despite the vicissitudes of living in an awakened world following the 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., most plans in place for dance went forward in 2002. Though American Ballet Theatre (ABT) was forced for budgetary reasons to cancel plans for an all-Stravinsky program—featuring Firebird, a work created by James Kudelka for his National Ballet of Canada (NBC)—ABT managed to

Soga Shohaku

2005-03-11T00:31:00.000-08:00

As a young man he studied painting under the guidance of Takada Keiho of the Kano school (school of painting based on Chinese subject matter and techniques) in Kyoto, but his disillusionment with contemporary

Gág, Wanda Hazel

2005-03-09T21:22:00.000-08:00

Gág was the daughter of a Bohemian immigrant artist. While attending high school in Minnesota, she helped support her family by contributing

Sea Lettuce

2005-03-09T04:54:00.000-08:00

(Ulva), any member of a genus of green algae usually found growing between high and low tide marks on rocky shores of seas and oceans. Fragments may be washed ashore by wave action. Ulva grows also in brackish water rich in organic matter or sewage. The thallus, which somewhat resembles a lettuce leaf, is a sheet of cells up to 30 cm (12 inches) long and two cells thick

Arts, Central Asian

2005-03-07T20:02:00.000-08:00

China, Urban areas

2005-03-07T01:15:00.000-08:00

The dramatic change in the urban landscape is the result of the rapid development of modern manufacturing industries and of communications. Many new towns and cities

Abandonment

2005-03-05T18:32:00.000-08:00

In Anglo-American property law, the relinquishment of possession of property with an intent to terminate all ownership interests in that property. Abandonment may occur by throwing away the property, by losing it and making no attempt to retrieve it, by vacating the property with no intention of returning to it, or by any other act manifesting a complete disclaimer

Hecht, Ben

2005-03-05T16:25:00.000-08:00

Hecht was the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants,

Kunlun Mountains

2005-03-04T04:06:00.000-08:00

Chinese (Wade-Giles) K'un-lun Shan, or (Pinyin) Kunlun Shan, mountain system of Asia. The Kunluns extend east to west some 1,250 miles (2,000 kilometres) from the Pamirs in Tajikistan on the west to the Kunlun Pass and the adjacent Sino-Tibetan ranges—Pu-erh-han-pu-ta (Burhan Budai), P'a-yen-k'a-la (Bayan Hara), and A-ni-ma-ch'ing (Amne Machin)—on the east. The width of the Kunluns varies considerably but rarely exceeds 125 miles. In the western margins they

Felsenmeer

2005-03-02T06:04:00.000-08:00

(German: “sea of rock”), exposed rock surfaces that have been quickly broken up by frost action so that much rock is buried under a cover of angular shattered boulders. These mantles principally occur in Arctic regions and high mountain areas. Their continuity and depth varies with climate, vegetation, and rock type, but they may be as much as 4 metres (12 feet) deep. Felsenmeer

Buontalenti, Bernardo

2005-03-01T07:42:00.000-08:00

Buontalenti entered the service of the Medici as a youth and remained with them the rest of his life. In the Uffizi Palace, Florence, he built a great court stage, where, during the winter of 1585–86, splendid fetes were produced under his direction. For the Medici extravaganzas, he designed costumes

Syringomyelia

2005-03-01T05:10:00.000-08:00

Chronic, progressive disease characterized principally by the development of a cyst, called a syrinx, near the spinal cord or brain stem. Symptoms include gradual dissociated sensory loss, muscle wasting, and spasticity. The cause of the disease is unknown but is thought to be a developmental defect. Symptoms ordinarily appear between 10 and 30 years of age; males are

Qabbani, Nizar

2005-02-27T00:18:00.000-08:00

Qabbani, who was born into a middle-class

Pacific Islands, Continental islands

2005-02-26T21:43:00.000-08:00

The islands of the broad western Pacific margin, formed mainly of metamorphosed rocks, sediments, and andesitic volcanic material, are separated from the basaltic volcanic islands of the central and eastern Pacific by deep ocean trenches along the eastern borders of Japan, the Marianas, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji, and New Zealand, a demarcation that is commonly

Algae, Diagnostic features

2005-02-25T23:01:00.000-08:00

The classification of algae into taxonomic groups is based upon the same rules as for the classification of plants. The organization of groups above the order level has changed substantially since 1960. Research using electron microscopes has demonstrated new and important features of the flagellar apparatus, cell division process, and organelle structure and

Literature

2005-02-25T19:31:00.000-08:00

Qabbani, who was born into a middle-class

Pereira, Nuno álvares, Blessed

2005-02-23T16:57:00.000-08:00

Pereira distinguished himself in battle at age 13, fighting against the Castilians in their invasion of 1373. On the death of Ferdinand I of Portugal

Haber, Fritz

2005-02-23T15:25:00.000-08:00

Deciding on an academic career, he first took up organic chemical research at the University of Jena, but its orthodox methods gave

Mahallah Al-kubra, Al-

2005-02-21T22:36:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Mahalla El-kubra, city, in the central Nile River delta of Lower Egypt, eastern Al-Gharbiyah muhafazah (governorate). It lies just west of the Damietta Branch of the Nile. Because the names of a large number of Egyptian places were compounded with mahallah (Arabic: “encampment”), exact references to the town by early Arab writers are uncertain. Al-Mahallah al-Kubra, however, was apparently an important

Denham, Sir John

2005-02-21T18:50:00.000-08:00

Educated at the University of Oxford, Denham was admitted to the bar, but he was already actively writing. He had translated six books of the Aeneid, parts of which were later printed; but he made his reputation with The Sophy, a blank-verse

Parabasis

2005-02-19T10:31:00.000-08:00

Plural parabases an important choral ode in Greek Old Comedy delivered by the chorus at an intermission in the action while facing and moving toward the audience. It was used to express the author's views on political or religious topics of the day.

Pinar Del Río

2005-02-19T05:10:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Pinar del Río provincia, western Cuba. Founded in 1775, the city is situated near the base of the Sierra de los Órganos. In 1800 it was officially named Nueva Filipina and was made capital of the western jurisdiction of Cuba. Its economic importance dates from about 1830, when the tobacco industry of the Vuelta Abajo region was developed. With the completion of the railroad

Neel, James Van Gundia

2005-02-17T10:42:00.000-08:00

American geneticist (b. March 22, 1915, Hamilton, Ohio—d. Feb. 1, 2000, Ann Arbor, Mich.), was a pioneer in the field of genetics; his studies provided evidence of the genetic basis of numerous diseases, including sickle-cell anemia. In the late 1940s, as acting director of field studies for the National Research Council's Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, he led studies of the effects of radiation

Interior Design, Symbolism and style

2005-02-16T09:21:00.000-08:00

There are many historic examples of symbolism in design, but often the symbolism is not a conscious statement so much as a more subtle reflection of style. Religious buildings, especially churches, have until recently been consistently traditional expressions of style or symbolism. The church and church architecture flourished during the Middle Ages, and the

Asilah

2005-02-16T01:19:00.000-08:00

Also called Arzila, Spanish Arcila, city on the Atlantic coast of western Morocco. Built on the site of an ancient Phoenician-Carthaginian settlement (Zili), it later fell to the Romans. It passed to the Idrisids, who in the early 11th century repulsed several attacks by Normans. From AD 972 on, it was dominated by the Marinids, until in 1471 the Portuguese occupied Asilah, which they fortified as a military base (the walls

Jacob's Ladder

2005-02-14T20:11:00.000-08:00

Also called Greek Valerian, any of about 25 species of the genus Polemonium of the family Polemoniaceae, native to temperate areas in North and South America and Eurasia. Many are valued as garden flowers and wildflowers. They have loose, spikelike clusters of drooping blue, violet, or white, funnel-shaped, five-petaled flowers and alternate, pinnately (featherlike) compound

Domenico Veneziano,

2005-02-13T13:20:00.000-08:00

Domenico was probably first trained in the International Gothic manner in Venice, where it is likely he saw paintings by northern European artists. He settled in Florence about 1439 and, except for brief periods, worked there until his

Cone

2005-02-11T20:37:00.000-08:00

In neurology, light-sensitive neuron with a conical projection in the retina of the vertebrate eye, associated with colour vision and perception of fine detail. Shorter and far fewer than the eye's rods (light-sensitive cells), cones are less sensitive to low illumination levels and are mediators of photopic rather than scotopic (Greek skotos, “dark”) vision. Cones are

Yamethin

2005-02-10T16:40:00.000-08:00

Town, central-northern Myanmar (Burma), occupying a high point on the central plain. For centuries it was an important junction on the caravan trade route between the Shan region to the east and Myingyan, 90 miles (145 km) northwest, on the Irrawaddy River. Modern Yamethin, a municipality since 1888, has railway workshops and is irrigated by the Kyeni Tank (reservoir), built in the 11th

Jonsson, John Erik

2005-02-09T00:59:00.000-08:00

A graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, N.Y.), Jonsson worked in the 1920s for the Aluminum Company of America and the Dumont Motor Car Co. In 1930 he was appointed

Lancashire

2005-02-08T10:49:00.000-08:00

The administrative, geographic, and historic counties occupy somewhat different areas. The administrative

America's Cup

2005-02-06T17:45:00.000-08:00

One of the oldest and best-known trophies in international sailing yacht competition. It was first offered as the Hundred Guinea Cup in 1851 by the Royal Yacht Squadron of Great Britain for a race around the Isle of Wight. The cup was won by the America, a 100-foot (30-metre) schooner from New York City, and subsequently became known as the America's Cup. The American winners

Toque

2005-02-05T14:40:00.000-08:00

In the late 16th century, brimless, black velvet toques were popular with men and women. Throughout the 19th century, women wore toques, often small, trimmed with fur, lace,

Blaby

2005-02-05T00:41:00.000-08:00

District, county of Leicestershire, south-central England. It covers the southern and western suburbs of the city of Leicester, in an arc around the city boundary from southeast to northwest, and extends southwest across a mostly rural area almost to the county boundary with Warwickshire on the southwest. Blaby district is administered from Narborough. Other important

Roussel, Albert(-charles-paul-marie)

2005-02-04T11:39:00.000-08:00

Roussel joined the French navy at the age of 18 and made several journeys to Southeast Asia, the exotic impressions of which he recalled in later orchestral and dramatic works. At 25 he resigned his

Wright, James C(laude), Jr.

2005-02-03T16:10:00.000-08:00

Wright was educated at Weatherford College and the University of Texas before serving in the Army Air Force during World War II. After the war he entered politics as a Democrat

Kaédi

2005-02-02T01:22:00.000-08:00

Town, southern Mauritania. It lies along the right bank of the Sénégal River where it is joined by the Gorgol River. The banks of these streams and other tributaries are seasonally inundated and cultivated and support the densest settled population in the nation. The remainder of the area, which receives more rainfall than regions farther north, is grazed by zebu

Adams, John Quincy

2005-02-01T20:33:00.000-08:00

Eldest son of President John Adams and sixth president of the United States (1825–29). In his prepresidential years he was one of America's greatest diplomats (formulating, among other things, what came to be called the Monroe Doctrine); in his postpresidential years (as U.S. congressman, 1831–48) he conducted a consistent and often dramatic fight against the expansion of slavery. (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America. See also Cabinet of President John Quincy Adams.)

Gate Theatre

2005-01-30T18:54:00.000-08:00

Dublin dramatic company, founded in 1928 by Hilton Edwards and Micheál MacLiammóir, whose repertoire included works from many periods and countries, unlike that of the established Abbey Theatre. From 1928 to 1930 the Gate Theatre made its home at the Peacock, then moved to its own building. The Abbey and the Irish National Theatre Society had provided a stage for national playwrights

Hooker, Joseph

2005-01-29T14:51:00.000-08:00

A West Point graduate and veteran of the Mexican War (1846–48), Hooker left his California home at the outbreak of the Civil War to serve as brigadier general

Dadra And Nagar Haveli

2005-01-29T07:40:00.000-08:00

Dadra and Nagar Haveli came under

Ancient Rome, Augustan art and literature

2005-01-28T17:52:00.000-08:00

In 17 BC Rome held Secular Games, a traditional celebration to announce the entry into a new epoch (saeculum). New it was, for, though Augustus preserved what he could of republican institutions, he added much that was his own. His Rome had become very Italian, and this spirit is reflected in the art and literature of his reign. Its greatest writers were native Italians, and, like

Indian Museum

2005-01-26T01:18:00.000-08:00

In Calcutta, oldest museum in India and one of the most comprehensive in the Orient; its collections depict the cultural history of India from prehistoric to Muslim times. The present building, opened in 1875, comprises sections devoted to geology, zoology, industry, archaeology, art, and ethnology. The coin room contains the largest collection of Indian coins in the

Bar-salibi, Jacob

2005-01-25T09:00:00.000-08:00

A native of Melitene (now Malatya, Turkey), Bar-Salibi was made bishop of Marash in 1154 and, a year later, of Mabbog as well. In 1166 he was transferred to the metropolitan see of Amid (Diyarbakir), where he remained until his death. His works include poems, prayers, homilies, liturgies, a commentary on the six

Earplug

2005-01-24T22:24:00.000-08:00

The Ainu of northern Japan have used plugs of fabric; in the New World, Mayan earplugs have been found made of thin jade, stone, bone, shell, wood, and metal in many sizes. The Berawan people

Widal, (georges-)fernand-isidore

2005-01-24T01:51:00.000-08:00

In 1896 Widal developed a procedure for diagnosing typhoid fever based on the fact that antibodies in the blood of an infected individual cause the bacteria to bind together into clumps (the Widal reaction).

Gräfe, Albrecht Von

2005-01-23T02:35:00.000-08:00

Albrecht was the son of Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe, a noted surgeon who was a pioneer in early German plastic surgery. The creator of one of Europe's leading eye clinics (1850), Albrecht was the first to recognize the importance to diagnosis of the German physiologist

Hancock, Thomas

2005-01-21T14:55:00.000-08:00

English inventor and manufacturer who founded the British rubber industry. His chief invention, the “masticator,” worked rubber scraps into a shredded mass of rubber that could be formed into blocks or rolled into sheets. This process, perfected in 1821, led to a partnership with the Scottish chemist and inventor of waterproof

Peter I

2005-01-21T02:07:00.000-08:00

Peter was the son of Tsar Alexis by his second wife, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. Unlike his half-brothers,

Calligraphy, Chinese calligraphy

2005-01-20T04:54:00.000-08:00

The earliest known Chinese logographs are engraved on the shoulder bones of large animals and on tortoise shells. For this reason, the script found on these objects is commonly called jiaguwen, or shell-and-bone script. It seems likely that each of the ideographs was carefully composed before it was engraved. Although the figures are not entirely uniform in size,

Skaraborg

2005-01-18T14:32:00.000-08:00

Former län (county) of south-central Sweden, located between Lakes Vänern and Vättern. Founded as a county in 1634, it was merged with the counties of Älvsborg and Göteborg och Bohus in 1998 to form the county of Västra Götaland.

China, Early power struggles

2005-01-17T19:11:00.000-08:00

During the first years of the republic there was a continuing contest between Yüan and the former revolutionaries over where ultimate power should lie. The contest began with the election of parliament (National Assembly) in February 1913. The Nationalist Party (Kuomintang; KMT), made up largely of former revolutionaries, won a commanding majority of seats. Parliament

Carpenter, John Alden

2005-01-17T00:25:00.000-08:00

Carpenter studied at Harvard University under the conservative, German-influenced composer John Knowles Paine but then joined his father's shipping supply firm, of which he was vice president (1909–36). In 1906 he studied music under

Dog, Ailments

2005-01-15T08:52:00.000-08:00

Fleas and ticks are sources of irritation and disease in every climate of the world (with the possible exception of the Arctic). Regular bathing and grooming helps to keep these and other external parasites under control. Treatment of the animal and its environment are essential to eliminate these pests. In some areas this is a yearlong process, whereas in other climates

Ternary Form

2005-01-15T05:06:00.000-08:00

Musical form consisting of three sections, the last of which is a repeat of the first. The symmetrical construction of this scheme (aba) provides one of the basic shapes in music and may be found as a guiding principle in music from the Middle Ages (in Gregorian chant, for instance, the arrangement antiphon-verse-antiphon is common) to the 20th century (a well-known example

Ballina

2005-01-13T15:31:00.000-08:00

Irish Béal An Átha urban district, County Mayo, Ireland, on the River Moy. The town, the largest in Mayo, has a modern Roman Catholic cathedral and the remains of an Augustinian friary founded about 1375. Salmon and trout fishing nearby are notable. Hand tools, drills, and medical products are manufactured there. Pop. (1981) 6,856.

Baseball

2005-01-13T01:29:00.000-08:00

In January former

Jiang Zemin

2005-01-11T19:47:00.000-08:00

Jiang joined the CCP in 1946 and graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University the following year with a degree in electrical engineering. He worked in several factories as an engineer before receiving further technical training

Fielding, Sir John

2005-01-11T02:21:00.000-08:00

John Fielding was blinded in an accident at the age of 19. Despite this handicap he was appointed a magistrate

Emecheta, Buchi

2005-01-10T22:42:00.000-08:00

Emecheta was married at age 16 and immigrated with her husband to London in 1962. The problems she encountered in London during the early 1960s provided background for the books that are called her immigrant novels. Her first two books,

Aril

2005-01-08T17:39:00.000-08:00

Special covering of certain seeds that commonly develops from the seed stalk. It is often a bright-coloured fleshy envelope, as in such woody plants as the yews and nutmeg and in members of the arrowroot family, the genus Oxalis, and the castor bean. Animals are attracted to arils and eat the seeds, dispersing them in their wastes. In the castor bean, the aril is spongy and

Teal

2005-01-08T11:04:00.000-08:00

Any of about 15 small ducks of the genus Anas (family Anatidae), found on the six major continents and many islands. Within the divisions of true duck species, the teal belong in the dabbling duck (q.v.) group. Many of the teal are popular as game birds, the best known being the Holarctic green-winged teal (A. crecca), a bird about 33–38 centimetres (13–15 inches) in length, usually found in dense

Wilhelmina Gebergte

2005-01-06T14:44:00.000-08:00

Mountain range in central Suriname, forming part of South America's granitic Precambrian Guiana Shield, extending about 70 mi (113 km) from west to east. The range divides Suriname's western district of Nickerie from the eastern districts of Saramacca, Brokopondo, and Marowijne. The Wilhelmina Gebergte descends gradually into two lesser ranges of hills to the north—the

Tabinshwehti

2005-01-05T09:28:00.000-08:00

In 1535 Tabinshwehti began a military campaign against the kingdom of Pegu in southern Myanmar, capturing the city of Bassein in the Irrawaddy delta. Four years later Pegu fell, and Takayutpi, the Pegu king, fled to Prome

Porbandar

2005-01-05T00:56:00.000-08:00

Town, Junagadh district, Gujarat state, west central India, on the Arabian Sea. The birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi, it was controlled by the Jethwa Rajputs from about the 16th century. Porbandar was the capital of the former princely state of Porbandar (1785–1948) before it became a district. It is famous for its building stone, and it also produces a variety of manufactures. The town is served

Argos

2005-01-04T16:30:00.000-08:00

The name Argos (adjectival form Argive) apparently signified an agricultural plain and was applied to several districts in ancient Greece. Historically, the Argolis was the easternmost portion of the Peloponnesian peninsula, and the city

Apple Computer, Inc.

2005-01-03T14:46:00.000-08:00

Apple had its own plan to regain leadership: a sophisticated new generation of computers that would be dramatically easier to use. In 1979 Jobs had led a team of engineers to see the innovations created at the Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto (California) Research Center (PARC). There they were shown the first functional graphical user interface (GUI), featuring on-screen windows,

Einstein, Alfred

2005-01-02T19:34:00.000-08:00

Einstein was born into a family of scholars (Albert Einstein was his cousin), and, as a young man, studied law for a year before completing his doctorate (1903) in musicology and composition at the University of Munich. As the first editor (1918–33) of the Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft (“Journal

China, The Shang dynasty

2004-12-31T21:50:00.000-08:00

The first dynasty to leave historical records is thought to have ruled from the mid-16th to mid-11th century BC. (Some scholars date the Shang dynasty from the mid-18th to the late 12th century BC.) One must, however, distinguish Shang as an archaeological term from Shang as a dynastic one. Erh-li-t'ou in north central Honan, for example, was initially classified archaeologically as Early

1054, Schism Of

2004-12-31T10:03:00.000-08:00

The relation of the Byzantine Church to the Roman may be described as

Nephrosclerosis

2004-12-30T20:12:00.000-08:00

Hardening of the walls of the small arteries and arterioles (small arteries that convey blood from arteries to the even smaller capillaries) of the kidney. This condition is caused by hypertension (high blood pressure). Hypertension can be present in a person for 20 to 30 years without evidence of kidney involvement; such persons usually die of other effects of hypertension

Ikenobo

2004-12-29T20:46:00.000-08:00

Oldest school of floral art in Japan; the term Ikenobo later came to be used loosely to describe any classical Japanese flower arrangement. The Ikenobo (literally, “priest's residence by a pond”) school was founded in the early 7th century by Ono no Imoko, a former Japanese envoy to China. After becoming a Buddhist priest, Ono no Imoko took up residence at Rokkaku-do, a small temple

Cloots, Jean-baptiste Du Val-de-grâce, Baron De

2004-12-28T09:29:00.000-08:00

Born into a noble Prussian family of Dutch origin, Cloots went to Paris in 1776 and took part in the compilation of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie. He left France in 1784, traveled throughout Europe, and returned to

Rib

2004-12-27T18:04:00.000-08:00

Fish have two sets of ribs, which attach to the

Essex

2004-12-26T01:47:00.000-08:00

Administrative, geographic, and historic county of eastern England, extending along the North Sea coastline between the Thames and Stour estuaries. The administrative county covers an area within the larger geographic county, which in turn covers a part of the original historic county of Essex. The administrative county comprises 12 districts: Basildon, Braintree

Feminine Rhyme

2004-12-25T09:47:00.000-08:00

Also called double rhyme in poetry, a rhyme involving two syllables (as in motion and ocean or willow and billow). The term feminine rhyme is also sometimes applied to triple rhymes, or rhymes involving three syllables (such as exciting and inviting). Robert Browning alternates feminine and masculine rhymes in his “Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister”: Gr-r-r there go, my heart's abhorrence! Water

Peter Des Roches

2004-12-23T18:41:00.000-08:00

As bishop of Winchester from 1205 to 1238, he organized and added to the financial resources of his see. He held ecclesiastical appointments in Touraine

World War I, Naval operations, 191718

2004-12-22T09:17:00.000-08:00

Since Germany's previous restrictions of its submarine warfare had been motivated by fear of provoking the United States into war, the U.S. declaration of war in April 1917 removed any reason for the Germans to retreat from their already declared policy of unrestricted warfare. Consequently, the U-boats, having sunk 181 ships in January, 259 in February, and 325 in March, sank 430 in April.

Ars Nova

2004-12-21T01:24:00.000-08:00

(Medieval Latin: “New Art”), in music history, period of the tremendous flowering of music in the 14th century, particularly in France. The designation Ars Nova, as opposed to the Ars Antiqua (q.v.) of 13th-century France, was the title of a treatise written about 1320 by the composer Philippe de Vitry. Philippe, the most enthusiastic proponent of the “New Art,” demonstrates in his treatise

Radewyns, Florentius

2004-12-19T18:08:00.000-08:00

Educated at the University of Prague, Radewyns returned to Leerdam

World War Ii, Yalta

2004-12-18T01:28:00.000-08:00

Roosevelt's last meeting with Stalin and Churchill took place at Yalta, in the Crimea, Feb. 4–11, 1945. The conference is chiefly remembered for its treatment of the Polish problem: the western Allied leaders, abandoning their support of the Polish government in London, agreed that the Lublin committee—already recognized as the provisional government of Poland by the Soviet

Oryol

2004-12-17T11:23:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Or'ol, or Orel, oblast (province), western Russia, occupying an area of rolling hills of the Central Russian Upland, into which are cut many broad, shallow river valleys. The greater part is in the basin of the upper Oka River. The oblast, centred on Oryol city, lies on the boundary of the mixed forest and forest-steppe zones. The soils indicate a former widespread forest cover, but this has

Brunei, Flag Of

2004-12-16T16:21:00.000-08:00

Although a few countries have half of their national flag in yellow, Brunei alone has a yellow background. The avoidance of yellow in other flags may in part be due to the association of the colour with royalty, as in the former imperial flags of Austria and Russia, and with disease (yellow flags are internationally recognized as symbols of quarantine). Among the smaller

Marengo, Battle Of

2004-12-16T03:37:00.000-08:00

(June 14, 1800), narrow victory for Napoleon Bonaparte in the War of the Second Coalition, fought on the Marengo Plain about 3 miles (5 km) southeast of Alessandria, in northern Italy, between Napoleon's approximately 28,000 troops and some 31,000 Austrian troops under General Michael Friedrich von Melas; it resulted in the French occupation of Lombardy up to the Mincio River and secured Napoleon's